Organic extract causes a reduction of reverse transcriptase activity accounting for its anti-HIV action (Kalvatchev), antiprotozoal and antispamodic (plant); antibacterial (essential oil and flower); reduces fever, diaphoretic, antiemetic and carminative; stimulant, bitter, tonic, sudorific, febrifuge, carminative, anti-emetic and anthelmintic (florets).

Anodyne, anthelmintic, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, narcotic and tonic (seed). It is a pain-killer, sleep-inducer and used to relieve some of the unpleasant side effects suffered by people undergoing chemotherapy. Stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (flower); induces sleep, aphrodisiac, on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, depresses respiration, analgesic, entheogenic, induces euphoria, hypnotic, intoxicant, narcotic, alleviates spasms.

Analgesic, bitter, antirheumatic and diuretic (root bark); antibacterial, fungicidal and anticystic (plant juice and volatile portion of plant); anthelmintic (root); mild laxative and expectorant; acrid and astringent (dried flower bud)

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge

Anthelminthic (latex)

Bitter, anthelmintic, stomachic and antiscorbutic (roots); astringent and antiscorbutic (ripe fruits); constipating, anaphrodisiac, appetizer and antipyretic (unripe fruits)

Laxative, diuretic (fruit pulp); antiviral (aerial part); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system; toxic (to fish) (fruit juice); anthelmintic eaf paste)

Purgative, stomachic, aphrodisiac, abortifacient and vermifuge (roots); purgative and abortifacient (stem bark); tonic (seed)

Anthelmintic (seeds); diuretic and purgative; abortifacient (leaves)

Anthelmintic (fruit and leaf); alleviates spasms and antiviral (aerial part and root); stops bleeding (bark); coolant and reduces fever (leaf); anthelmintic, emetic (pods); alexipharmic and cooling (seeds); astringent (flowers)

Purgative and diuretic (whole plant); aphrodisiac, diuretic, laxative (roots); diuretic and antipyretic (leaves); anthelminthic (fruits); laxative (yellow pulp around the seeds and an infusion of the pods)

Relaxes muscles of the bronchial tubes and intestines (leaf alcohol extract); alleviates spasms (plant); anthelmintic and antiseptic (leaves); expectorant (whole plant).

Astringent and diuretic (plant); taken as a tonic (infusion of stems); as a vermifuge (pounded stems).

Antiseptic, antidote to snake bites, laxative, sedative and vermifuge (bark)

Anthelminthic and stomachic (leaves)

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).

Spermicidal and antiviral (50% EtOH seed extract), antimicrobial (Sharma), anthelmintic, febrifuge, tonic, stomachic and diuretic.

Adaptogen, diuretic, emetic, uterine tonic and vermifuge (root)

Anti-depressant, laxative, antibilious, aperient, appetizer, cathartic, cholagogue, detergent, tonic, vermifuge (herb).

Depresses the central nervous system, purifies blood, laxative, anthelmintic and cardiotonic (plant); anti-scorbutic, anthelmintic, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, mildly laxative, odontalgic (leaves)